朗阁

　　P1 澳大利亚糖厂

　　P2 安慰剂的效果

　　P3 人类思维能力的发展

　　朗阁讲师点评

　　1. 本场考试的难度中等偏上。

　　2. 整体分析：涉及商业类(P1)、医学类(P2)、社科类(P3)。

　　本次考试的难度中等偏高。

　　*篇文章就是三种题型的结合，包括：匹配+选择+判断，并不是*篇文章的常规搭配题型，很多同学一上来就晕了。本类题型，建议大家先判断、选择平行阅读，之后再做匹配。

　　第二篇文章是考过很多次的文章，但文章的难度依然是很大的。题型搭配是：匹配+选择+判断，匹配题依然是放到*后来来做。

　　第三篇文章还在考匹配，并且文章本身的难度也很大。

　　3. 部分答案及参考文章：

　　Passage 1：澳大利亚糖厂

　　题型：匹配+选择(8题)+判断(5题)

　　具体文章待确认

　　部分答案如下：

　　9.NOT GIVEN

　　10.FALSE

　　11.NOT GIVEN

　　12.TRUE13.FALSE

　　Passage 2：安慰剂的效果

　　题型：配对(4题)+单选(3题)+判断(6题)

　　参考文章：

　　A Want to devise a new form of alternative medicine? No problem. Here is the recipe. Be warm, sympathetic, reassuring and enthusiastic. Your treatment should involve physical contact, and each session with your patients should last at least half an hour. Encourage your patients to take an active part in their treatment and understand how their disorders relate to the rest of their lives. Tell them that their own bodies possess the true power to heal. Make them pay you out of their own pockets. Describe your treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy fields, energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like. Refer to the knowledge of an earlier age: wisdom carelessly swept aside by the rise and rise of blind, mechanistic science. Oh, come off it, you are saying. Something invented off the top of your head could not possibly work, could it?

　　B Well yes, it could – and often well enough to earn you a living. A good living if you are sufficiently convincing, or, better still, really believe in your therapy. Many illnesses get better on their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at just the right time you will get the credit. But that's only part of it. Some of the improvement really would be down to you. Your healing power would be the outcome of a paradoxical force that conventional medicine recognizes but remains oddly ambivalent about: the placebo effect.

　　C Placebos are treatments that have no direct effect on the body, yet still work because the patient has faith in their power to heal. Most often the term refers to a dummy pill, but it applies just as much to any device or procedure, from a sticking plaster to a crystal to an operation. The existence of the placebo effect implies that even quackery may confer real benefits, which is why any mention of placebo is a touchy subject for many practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine, who are likely to regard it as tantamount to a charge of charlatanism. In fact, the placebo effect is a powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often neglected or misunderstood.

　　D One of the great strengths of CAM may be its practioners' skill in deploying the placebo effect to accomplish real healing."Complementary practitioners are miles better at producing non-specific effects and good therapeutic relationships,"says Edzard Ernst, professor of CAM at Exeter University. The question is whether CAM could be integrated into conventional medicine, as some would like, without losing much of this power.

　　E At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our physiology: anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands. But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely unknown. Most of the scant research done so far has focused on the control of pain, because it's one of the commonest compaints and lends itself to experimental study. Here, attention has turned to the dndorphins, morphine-like neurochemicals known to help control pain. 'Any of the neurochrmicals involved in transmitting pain impulses or modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response,' says Don Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida who studies the placebo effect in dental pain.

　　F "But endorphins are still out in front."That case has been strengthened by the recent work of Fabroizio Benedettil of the University of Turin, who showed that the placebo effect can be abolished by a drug, naloxone, which blocks the effects of endorphins. Benedetti induced pain in human volunteers by inflating a blood-pressure cuff on the forearm. He did this several times a day for several days, without saying anything, he replaced the morphine with a saline solution. This still relieved the subjects' pain: a placebo effect. But when he added naloxone to the saline the pain relief disappeared. Here was direct proof that placebo analgesia is mediated, at least in part, by these natural opiates.

　　G Still, no one knows how belief triggers endorphin release, or why most people cannot achieve placebo pain relief simply by willing it. Though scientists do not know how exactly how placebos work, they have accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about how to trigger the effect. A London rheumatologist found, for example, that red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. Research on American students revealed that blue pills make better sedatives than pink, a colour more suitable for stimulants. Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take for a headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective.

　　H It matters, too, how the treatment is delivered. Decades ago, when the major tranquillizer chlorpromazine was being introduced, a doctor in Kansas categorised his colleagues according to whether they were keen on it, openly skeptical of its benefits, or took a "let's try and see" attitude. His conclusion: the more enthusiastic the doctor, the better the drug performed. And this year Ernst surveyed published studies that compared doctors' bedside manners. The studies turned up one consistent finding: "Physicians who adopt a warm, friendly and reassuring manner," he reported, "are more effective than those whose consultations are formal and do not offer reassurance."

　　I Warm, friendly and reassuring are precisely CAM's strong suits, of course. Many of the ingredients of that opening recipe - the physical contact, the generous swathes of time, the strong hints of supernormal healing power - are just the kind of thing likely to impress patients. It's hardly surprising, then, that complementary practitioners are generally best at mobilising the placebo effect, says Arthur Kleinman, professor of social anthropology at Harvard University.

　　参考答案：

　　14.F

　　15.H

　　16.B

　　17.G

　　18.D

　　19.A

　　20.C

　　21.NO

　　22.NOT GIVEN

　　23.YES

　　24.YES

　　25.NOT GIVEN

　　26.YES

　　Passage 3：人类思维能力的发展

　　具体文章，题型和参考答案待确认

　　考试建议

　　1. 目前的考试趋势，依然是*篇以判断、填空为主，所以在准备的过程中，还是要继续，多做这种题型的搭配。到了第二篇会出现题型的多样化，包括选择题、匹配题之类，只要记住匹配题都是放在*后来做，就可以了。平时的练习中，也多注意这一类的题型搭配，合理使用做题顺序，节省做题时间。

　　2. 下场考试的话题可能有生物类，社科类和文学类。

　　3. 重点浏览2014到2019年机经。